WORDSWORTHWilliam Wordsworth was born in Cumberlan in 1770. He travelled to France to learn French. Hisstay in France fired him with entusiasm for the ideals of the French Revolution. Back in England,hebegan to read the works of the radical philosopher William Godwin, who advocated the equality ofall men. The war between France and Englan was a source of distress to him, which was made allthe more acute by the disillusionment of seeing his noble ideals shattered by events. He foundcomfort in the affection and support of his sister Dorothy and important was his friendship withColeridge.

1. Manual De Economia Politica Pdf

Manual De Economia Politica Pdf

The two poets became great friends. Together they planned the Lyrical Ballads, a volumeof poems which appeared in 1798 and the preface of the second edition is considered the manifestoof the English Romantic Movement. After a trip to Germany, Wordsworth settled in Grasmere, inthe Lake District and he spent the rest of his life there.LYRICAL BALLADSThe Lyrical Ballads were planned by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1797 and were published in1798, with four poems by Coleridge and nineteen by Wordsworth. The two poets conceived thiswork as an experiment in poetry, in which Wordsworth's contribuition was to make verse out of theincidents of simple rustic life. He was convinced tha the passions exist in their poorest form insimple rural life. As a result he wrote poems remarkable for their simplicity.

He spent most of hislife in the beautiful Lake District, where he found not only peacefulness and serenity, but the thingshe loved.PREFACE TO LYRICAL BALLADSThe second edition of lyrical ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in 1800. Itincluded more poems by Wordsworth and a long preface; in it Wordsworth explained his own andcoleridge's ideas about poetry, its linguage and its subjects.The poetry must be concerned with the ordinary and the influence of memory on the present, therecollection of emotions and feelings. The language should be simple.

In humble rural life man isnearer to his own puper passions. The poet has a greater sensibility than ordinary man and thanks tohis power of immagination can communicate his feelings. The poet's task consists in drawingattention to the ordinary things of life, to the humblest people.I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUDThis short poem was written in 1804 and published in 1807; it was inspired by a real experience ofthe poet, an excursion with his sister Dorothy. I wandered lonely as a cloud is considered one of themost famous pieces of poetry of the romantic period.Stanza 1: setting and shock the sight; Stanza 2: description of the flower; Stanza 3: realtionshipbetween the flowers and the poet; Stanza 4: emotion recollected in tranquillty.The natur was the expression of the ideal in the real.

In this poem we can see the poet's personalexperience, when he saw a field full of daffodils waving in the wind. In comparing himself into acloud, Wordsworth removes himself from the ground inducing a sense of lightness. COLERIDGEColeridge was born in Devonshire in 1772. He soon lost his father and attended a charity school inLondon.

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Then he went to Cambridge University, but left without taking his degree and made friendswith the young radical poet Southey; the two young man were enthusiastic supporters of the FrenchRevolution and were influenced by radical ideas. Where Coleridge met Wordsworth they bacameclose friends because they shared many ideas and supported one another. After the publication ofthe lyrical ballads, they travelled to Germany to learn the language. When they returned to Englandhe moved to the Lake District to be near the Wordsworths.

In 1800 his health worsened and hegradualy encreased the opium dosages with which he alleviated the pain of neuralgia; all thiscircumstances led to aquarrel with Wordsworth. In 1811 Coleridge returned to London where hespent the rest of his life.IMPORTANCE OF IMAGINATIONPrimary imagination: the ability to perceive the elements of the world giving chaos a certain orderand the material of perception accertain shape. Everybody had primary imagination but used itunconsciously.Secondary imagination: it dissolves, diffuses, dissipates in order to recreate. It was volontary andused consciously.Fancy: the mechanical ability the poet had to used the vices, like metaphors, alliterations in poetry,in order to express his ideas.IMPORTANCE OF NATUREColeridge did not view nature as a moral guide or a source of consolation and happiness.

Hiscontemplation of natur was accompanied by awareness of the presence of the ideal in the real. Hedid not identify natur with the divin because his strong christian faith. He saw natur and materialworld in a sort of neo-platonic interpretation of the perfect world of the ideas.Language: archaic language connected to the old ballads, rich in alliterations, repetitions andonomatopeias.THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINERIt is one of the four poem that Coleridge contributed to the total of twenty three; it is a seven partnarrative poem. The story is told by the ancient mariner himself to an unwilling listener, a youngman. During a voyager his ship was driven by a storm towards the south pole and caught in a fieldof floating ice.

Suddenly an albatross arrived and the sailors hailed it as a signe of a good luck; soonthe ice split, the wind began to blow and the ship, followed by the bird, sailed north until without areason, the mariner shot the albatross. The ship entered the Pacific Ocean, reached the equator andhere the wind dropped. They saw snakes crawling on the sea's surface; the sailors blamed themariner for their troubles.

During the nightmarish time that followed, a skeleton of a ship appearedwith a spectre-woman and life-in-death as the only crew. The two cast dice and life-in-death wonthe mariner. Immediately his shipmates dropped onto the deck, dead and the mariner found himselfcompletely alone. He tried to pray but he cloud not. One night by the light of the moon he watchedagain the water snakes and this time he was impressed by their beauty and blessed them.Style: it has the features of a medieval ballad: four line stanzas with a mixture of narration anddialogue; narration of a dramatic story in verse.

Archaic language, frequent repetitions alliterationrhymes. Permanent and not subject to decay as sensorial experience are that is why the world of things urnseems to be superior to the real world.SHELLEY- FRANKESTEINPlot: Frankestein is a scientist, manages to create a human being by joining parts selected fromcorpses. The result of the experiment is ugly and revolting: the Monster becomes a murder and inthe end he destroys his creator.Literary influences: Rousseau: noble savage, a man in a primitive state, not influenced bycivilisation; Locke: the description of the monster's awareness and his education by experience;Romantic poets: Coleridge ballad: crime against Nature ( Frankestein's creation of monster and theMariner's shooting the Albatross); Prometheus: in Greek mythology he was a giant who stole firefrom the gods in order to give it to men. In doingg so he challenged the divine authority and freedmen from God's power.Frankestein is told in the first person by three different non omniscent narrators:in the epistolaryform an English explorer in the Arctic regions, Walton, writes to his sister in England about how hehas saved a scientist. Then Frankestein himself tells the story of his life and experiments, this is anautobiographical account.

Within Frankestein's narrator a report by the monster himself is inserted,which explains the reasons for his monstrous behaviour.Characters (the theme of the double): Walton is the double Frankestein, he manifests the sameambition: the wish to overcome human limits; Frankestein and his creature: they suffer from a senseof alienation and isolation. Dialogue and irony: dialogue is clear, witty, precise.

It renders comon things and charactersinteresting. It does not illustrate a moral with general statements. Her use of third omnsicentnarrator is never too noticeable. Her irony is always gentle,expressed in balanced and acuteobservations.Unromantic quality of her work: irony: an 18th century characteristic, not romantic. It insistence onmorality; her interest in society and in its values. She admired the Augustan classics. She learnedhow ordinary events could offer psychological possibilities.

It influenced about the omniscentnarrator and the technique of bringing the character into existence through dialogue. Unlike theAugustan writers she restricted her view to the world of the country gentry.ROMANTIC MOVEMENTThe cultural trends which characterized Europe in the years between the French Revolution and themiddle of the 19th century became known as the Romantic movement. The word Romantic appearedfor the first time in England. It was used critically to describe the fantastic and irrational eventpresent in old romance.

In France it was used by Rousseau to express the vague,inexpressiblefeeling one had when looking at certain landscape. In Germany the word Romantic was used for thefirst time in a positive sense to denote a spiritual and aesthetic attitude.

In this period was born aliterary movement called Sturm und Drang, which exalted freedom, the individual, creativity andsaw nature as a sacred and influencing force. In Italy Giovanni Berchet's Letta semiseria can beconsidered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism.Nature: not as a centre of beatiful sight, but seen to be consoling. VIRGINIA WOOLFVirginia Woolf was born in London in 1882. Both her parents were acquainted with intellectualsand writers, and she was brought up in a higly cultural background.

Than she through a period ofdepression for mother's death. When her father died she moved with her sister and two brothers to ahouse in another London district, Bloomsbury, which soon became the reference point for theBloomsbury Group, a circle of radical and non- conformist artists and men of letters. She hadmoved back to London in 1924 and attracted intellectuals around them. Virginia continued to writeliterary criticism and essays.A MODERNIST NOVELISTShe was interested in giving voice to the complex inner world of feeling and memory. Sheconceived the human personality as a continuous shift of impressions and emotions. For her theevents that traditionally made up a story were no longer important. The omniscent narratordisappeared.

The point of view shifted inside the characters' minds through flashbacks, associationsof ideas, momentary impressions presented as a continuous flux.Subjective reality came to be identified with the tecnhique called stream of consciousness. Shenever lets her character's thoughts flow without control and maintains logical and grammaticalorganisation. Her technique is based on the fusion of stream of thought into a third person, pasttense narrative. She gives the impression of simultaneous connections between the inner and theouter world, the past and the present. Speech and silence.TO THE LIGHTHOUSEThe novel is divided into three parts, The Window, Time passes, and The Lighthouse. The first partpresents Mr and Mrs Ramsay and their eight children, on holiday in their summer house on anisland of the Hebrides with some friends, including a poet, an intellectual and an amateur painter,Lily Briscoe.

James, the youngest child wants to make a boat trip to the lighthouse, but while hismother supports the idea, his father objects to the lan because of the weather, and the trip ispostponed. The second part of the novel is a sort of interlude, and shows the effects of the passingof time: the house is now abandoned because the family has stopped going there, and it is slowlydecaying. We learn that Mrs Ramsay has died, one of her daughters has married and died inchildbirth and one of the sons has been killed in the First World War. In part three, which is setabout ten years after the first, the surviving characters return to the house, and finally Mr Ramsaytakes James to the lighthouse by boat.

Lily Briscoe,inspired by her memory of Mrs Ramsay,at lastmanages to complet a painting she had begun on the first visit. What enables her to complete it isthe awereness or, better, the vision of the significance of Mrs Ramsay, the true lighthouse whichcontinues to cast her light over theme all, even after her death. Again, what matters is not whatactually happens, but the inner world of the characters and the continuous flow of their thoughts andfeelings.MY DEAR, STAND STILLMrs Ramsay is trying to reassure her son James about a trip to the lighthouse the next day in casethe weather allows them to go. She measures the stocking she has been knitting for the lightousekeeper's son and thinks about her children and her house.

GEORGE ORWELLGeorge Orwell, whose real name was Eric Blair, was born in Bengal, India, in 1903. His father, aCustoms official, sent the boy to England for his education and after attending a fashionable schoolOrwell went to Eton on a scholarship. From 1922 to 1927 he served with the Indian Police inBurma, and this experience had a great influence on him, increasing his hatred of class privilige andauthority, and above all of English imperialism. Burmese Days, a novel published in 1934, reflectshis experiences in the East. When he returned to Europe, he spent a periodd of eighteen months inParis, where he lived in almost absolute poverty.

When he left Paris for England, he continued tolive in the same style for a few years and in 1933 wrote Down and Out in Paris and London. Withthe outbreak of the Spanish Civili War in 1936, Orwell left for Barcelona with the intention ofworking as a journalist. He spent the years preceding World War II in the country. During the warOrwell who has not fit for military service, worked for the BBC. Impossibile to express their own ideas. Any form of rebellion against the rules is punished withprison, torture and liquidation.THEMESIt is a satire on hierarchical societues which destroys fraternity.

Big Brother: the dictator. He doesnot wacth over his people as brother should do.

Memory and trust become positive themes tomantain Winston's individuality. Orwell believed that if man has someone to trust, his individualitycannot be detroyed. His identify arises from interaction, not isolation. The theme of memory is likedto a view of morality.WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTHWar is peace: they continually fight was in order to keep peace at home. Masses believed thatconstant war is a way of maintaining peace evokes great patriotism and devotion to country.

Warpromotes sacrifice, so if there is constant war people are constantly sacrificing and devoling to theirgovernment. This keeps the people in check and in control and peaceful.

That is now the party usesthe slogan. The people think the world peace is maintaned through war. Without war, the securitywould be threatened.Freedom is slavery: the slavery of party members equals freedom for party leaders.

People thinkhaving total freedom is a way to become enslaveed to your senses, weakness and vices. Forexample the party encourages young women to remain virtuous, not to be romantically involvedany way: sex and relationship enslave people. If you are involved in relationships you are subject tothe confusion and unhappiness and you are constanly thinking about it. That is no freedom. To theparty, a free people represents the removal of their power. So, people must not be free in order toremain power.Ignorance is strenght: it can be read your ignorance is our strenght. That is the ignorance of thepeople translates into the strenght of the government.

To the masses, being ignorant about the truecondition of things is beneficial, because it helps them to remain happy and optimistic and strong.To the workers within the party, like Winston, their jobs rely on keeping the people ignorant of truefacts and statistics. Keep the people in the dark means that the Party, and their jobs, will always bestrong. The people's ignorance gives the party strength. Is they really knew the true state of thingsand how they had been manipulated, they would rebel and take away the party's power. Partycreates slogans to ensure the continuation of their power and control.

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